Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Executive Officer Of Physician Practices - 807 Words

CEO of Physician Practices There are many professions within the health sciences. The one that I have chosen to pursue is Chief Executive Officer of Physician Practices. In order to achieve this numerous skills, training, and degrees/certifications are needed. The training can be vast and can mean many years of school. Kaplan can eventually help get the degree and education required to obtain this goal. The Chief Executive Officer of Physician Practices has many job requirements. He essentially has as much power or in some cases more power than the board of directors. He oversees and coordinates the policies, objectives, and initiatives of one or more physician practices. They oversee the procedures and approve the standards by†¦show more content†¦There are two options when thinking about graduate school(4). The first is just getting your masters in healthcare administration. Most schools require that you have and undergraduate degree with a G.P.A. of around 3.0. Also along with this degre e, the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) or Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) will need to be completed (3). The other is a doctorate of healthcare administration. This requires the same with the undergraduate degree and testing, but also requires that your have an experienced past in the healthcare field. This usually entails around 5 years of experience (2). A CEO of Physician Practices is a career for someone that is in the heat of the kitchen almost 24 hours of the day, 7 days of the week. This requires numerous skill sets that only many years of experience. A CEO needs to confident, assertive, have the ability to change to almost any situation, and more. Confidence is huge, the CEO needs to be able to walk into a room and instantly feel confortable in front of numerous important physicians. They also need to be able to speak there mind and be assertive. They need to be able to lay the hammer down and hold the numerous employees to the standard of the company. Also wi th so many things that the CEO has going on and so many employees, the ability to flex to whatever gets thrown your way. Another quality would be public relations. The CEO interacts with a vast

Monday, December 23, 2019

Immunization And Immunity Responses Vaccines Essay

Immunization and Immunity Responses Name: Institution affiliation: Department: Date: 1. Vaccines are essential and important to the babies and pre-school or school aged children. Other than building the body’s immune response they have uncountable pros including; protection of future generations where the vaccinated mothers of the unborn children are alleviated the dangers from various microorganisms such as viruses that have the great potentiality to cause birth defects as well as the vaccinated communities helps to reduce or curb diseases for future generations. Such as the outbreak of the German rubella virus disease that caused the death of about 11,000 babies and about 20,000 birth defects in babies between the year 1963 to 1965 in USA. Generally, women who were vaccinated during their early ages of childhood against this rubella virus have tremendously decreased the chances of passing down this virus to their unborn as well as newborn toddlers. Thus eliminating the cases of birth defects and other complications associated with this disease (James, 1988). Additionally, the vaccines have helped to avert the adverse effects and re-emergence of children Vaccine-preventable diseases such as small pox that have not disappeared completely making the vaccination a necessity. An outstanding example emanates from the United States where the last case of small pox was registered in 1948 and 1977 in Somalia which the last case experienced in the wholeShow MoreRelatedWhy Should Vaccinations Be Important? Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesvaccinations from birth to 18 years of age. Immunity. What is it? Why is it so important? And what does it do for us? To understand why vaccinations are so important, it is important to understand what immunity is. According to the CDC; Immunity is the ability of the human body to tolerate the presence of material indigenous to the body (â€Å"self†) and to eliminate foreign (â€Å"nonself†) material. Which then provides protection from infectious disease/ Immunity is generally specific to a single organismRead MoreModern-Day Vaccine Development Raising Eyebrows Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Vaccine development is an old and complicated process, often requires more than a decade to complete. The modern system of vaccine development, regulation and testing was developed during the 20th century. To engender a vaccine mediated immunization or protection has been a major challenge. Presently available vaccines work primarily through the induction of the antigen specific antibodies. The effectiveness of any vaccine is determined by the quality of the antibodies, as their workRead MoreVaccines Prevent The Human Race1697 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Vaccines prevent an estimated 2.5 million deaths among children younger than age 5 every year, [however;] 1 child dies every 20 seconds from a disease that could have been prevented by a vaccine† (Global Health Security: Immunization). 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Immunity is the protection of the body from infections from viruses and bacteria. Acquired immunity is a type of immunity also known as the third line of defence, it is the immunity produced when the human body has been infected by an antigen which triggers the production of antibodies. There are two types of acquired immunity which are active and passive acquired immunity. Active artificially acquired immunity | Passive artificially acquired immunity | Read MoreA Brief Note On Lipid Based Delivery Systems1499 Words   |  6 PagesBiphasic systems are evaluated for many vaccine candidates including proteins, nucleotides, recombinant subunits and classical old inactivated or killed vaccines and now became applicable to purposes in human as well as in animals [150,148,149]. Baca-Estrada et al., [150] has shown topical delivery of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and leukotoxin antigens in biphasic delivery system induce strong Th-2 cellular response and induce secretion of IgG1 antibody response. 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The word â€Å"vaccines† comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccine is derived from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow.   Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease. Immunity, the abilityRead MoreProtecting Society: One Shot at a Time1437 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (â€Å"Immunization† 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox in 1796 (Riedel 5). Currently, any formulation containing a microorganism for the purpose of immunization is referred to as a vaccine. A population is fullyRead MoreThe Importance Of Global Health Issues1688 Words   |  7 Pagest herefore require international cooperation for prevention, planning and preparedness, disaster response, and provision of healthcare. Nurses’ education positions them to provide a personal approach to healthcare and health teaching worldwide as they share information and assess understanding. Nurses play a vital role in protecting patients and the community in both routine practice and emergency response care. Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death both in the United States and globally

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK Free Essays

Introduction This essay will discuss the current policies in place to prevent teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom. Firstly, it will introduce the key concept of teenage pregnancy and discuss it against the context of the problems it creates. The current teenage pregnancy policy will then be presented and critiqued. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, a number of recommendations and conclusion will be drawn. Definition and Background According to the World Health Organization (WHO), teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in a woman aged 10 – 19, whilst Unicef (2008) define it as conception occurring in a woman aged 13 – 19 (Unicef, 2008). On the basis of this definition, Unicef calculated that the teenage pregnancy rate in the UK is the highest in Western Europe (Unicef, 2001), and aside from a slight decrease in the birth rate to teenage mothers during the 1970’s it has remained relatively constant since 1969 (DoH, 2003). In 1999, the Labour Government’s Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) presented its report to parliament acknowledging the scope and seriousness of the problem, particularly with reference to damage to the mother’s academic and career progression, and the health of the child. The National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy The SEU implored the Government to commit to reducing teenage conceptions by 50% by 2010, and to address the social exclusion of young mothers. To meet the first aim, the SEU championed improved sexual education, both inside and outside school and better access to contraceptives. To achieve the second, it recommended the implementation of multi-agency government programmes designed to provide support in housing, education and training. To implement the recommendations of the report, the Government set up the Teenage Pregnancy Unit (TPU), which was located in the Department of Health, but required local authorities (LA) to produce their own strategies to reduce teenage conception by 50% by 2010, with an interim target of 15% by 2004. The majority of prevention strategies focused on four key areas; the use of mass media to increase awareness of sexual health, sex and relationship education (SRE) in schools and community settings, easily available services and information on sexual health and better-quality support for young parents to drop social exclusion (DCFS 2009). In 2000, the Department for Children, Schools and Family (DCSF) issued directives to all schools to ensure that SRE in schools aimed to enable young people to make responsible and well-informed choices about their sexual lives and desist from risky behaviours which influence unintended pregnancy (DCSF 2009c). LA gave their strong backing to ensure incl usion of complete SRE programmes into personal and social education lessons in all schools (DfES 2006). The methods of administering SRE differed across LAs. For example, the services of sexual health specialists were stretched outside clinical environment to encompass schools and community settings. Programmes outside of the school environment were implemented to expose teenagers to the realities of parenting and the advantages of sensible sexual choices, and included Choose your Life, Body Tool Kit, Teens and Tots, and the Virtual Doll Plan. The varying needs of culturally diverse communities were measured, and programmes were tailored to meet them. In LA containing the most at-risk teenagers, advanced SRE plans involving parents, teachers, school nurses, teachers and vanguard staff were made. Southwark LA for example, sought to improve the information of young people on early gestations, direct them to making reliable choices and in turn decrease the rate of teenage pregnancies ((NHS Southwark 2007; Fullerton et al 1997). The actions taken were in line with the goals and purposes of the agenda; studies have demonstrated that teenagers value a forum to discuss sex and relationship issues, and such forums are beneficial as they decrease the chances of earlier sexual contact (Allen et al. 2007; Fullerton et al. 1997). Nevertheless, local differences occurred that hampered with the distribution of SRE in the schools in some areas. Not all schools embraced SRE in their teaching syllabus, some of the teachers were uncertain of the degree to teach and were either uncomfortable or awkward about young people’s sexual matters. Some schools had a syllabus that excluded social or emotional topics, which play an important role (Chambers, 2002). Some areas included mixed sex classes; these were less successful as some teenagers, particularly females, felt inhibited (Stephenson et al. 2004). Additionally, some parents refused to support the policy and withdrew their children from SRE classes (Lanek, 2005). I n reaction to these difficulties, the Health Social Care Scrutiny Sub-Committee (2004) made further recommendations, emphasising the responsibility of schools (particularly faith schools) to include SRE in the curriculum. Post 2010, the policy aims and objectives were to build on the existing strategy, and enable young people to receive the knowledge, advice and support they need from parents, teachers and other specialist to deal with the pressure to have sex, enjoy positive and caring relationships and have good sexual health. Policy Type Birkland (1984) and Lowi et al. (1964) have argued that knowing the type of policy one is dealing with will enable one to predict what may arise after the policy has been implemented. However, Wilson (1973) has criticized categorising policies, as some are too complex to be so simply defined. This is a criticism that can be fiarly levelled at the policy under discussion, which is both preventive and self-regulatory. It aims to reduce and prevent pregancies to bridging health and education inequality gaps that teenage mothers face, reducing child poverty and reducing the cost of teenage pregnancy on public funds. It is both distributive and pragmatic; distributive in that it permits benefit to a particular group (Birkland, 1984), and pragmatic in that it was designed to be practical and workable (Maclure, 2009). The Political Context According to Leichter (1979) contextual factors that can affect policy production can be political, social, economic, cultural, national and international, with some factors becoming major contributors to the policy. Taking the example of international factors, Levine (2003) states that interdependency of nations with the same social problem can affect the policy of the adopting nation takes to solve their problem. In the UK, international influences such as the European Union, WHO and countries facing the same high teenage pregnancy rate have all impacted UK policy on the same issue (Baggott, 2007). As a member state of European Union, the regulation of our national law by the Union takes priority in informing and sharpening our policies (Mclean, 2006). Politically in Britain, the ‘teenage mother’ has come to symbolise social decline. This began with the Conservative government in the 1990’s, who first politicised the single mother by describing her as typifying the prevalent moral standards (particularly amongst the lower social classes) that threatened society (Macvarish, XX). Following the election of the Labour party in 1997, this political perception was altered in line with the New Labour vision; a more optimistic national mood teamed with traditional Labour views on social equality. Under this perspective, issues such as poverty and unemployment were viewed as symptoms of ‘social exclusion’ whereby individuals were unfairly excluded from participating fully in society. Such communities were to be viewed sympathetically instead of being blamed, and it was within this context that the strategy evolved: reducing teenage pregnancy was one way of making the excluded included (Macvarish XX). Against this backdrop of poitical ideology, the UK has a democratic system of government whereby decisions and policies are made based on the influence of the stakeholders. The teenage pregnancy strategy had pluralist influences including the director of public health, consultants in public health, the director of social services, specialist midwifes and parents of teenagers. These contributions were multi-level; nationally, regionally and locally. At a national level, financial support and endorsement was provided by senior ministers, guidance and monitoring was provided at a regional level, and participation by young people and their parents provided the local input. Policy implementation Implementation is the process of turning policy into practice (Buse, 2005). The implementation of the teenage pregnancy policy was two phase: the first launched in 1999 and depended on ‘better’ sex education both in and out of schools, and improved access to contraception. The second phase came 10 years later in 2008 and relied upon different government programs designed to assist teenage mothers with returning to education or training, gaining employment or providing support with other social factors such as housing. The implementation of teenage pregnancy policy was also top-down. The purpose of the policy was to reduce and prevent teenagers from becoming early parents through support and increasing implementation of preventative guidance by the government and to combat social exclusion of teenage mothers. The policy can be seen to be self-regulatory because it was behavioral and aimed to provide the individual with the skills to make informed decisons regarding their sexual health (Bartle Vass, 1998). There are additional factors that help to facilitate the implementation of policy; actors in policy, and experts in the agenda. Actors generally are individuals with power that can be excercised through influencing policy. They may be lobby or pressure groups and can include politicians, civil servants, and members of an interest group (Buse, 2005). The involvement of experts in the agenda setting was clear from the outset. The National guidance allowed the local areas to enlarge the scope of the policy using guidance. The involvement of local actors and the use of data from the local areas helped to motivate local action. Taking advantage of local knowledge or information facilitates matching policy to the specific needs of the teenagers. Analysis of policy success Strategy implementation related success Following the publication of the policy, the earliest the strategy could begin to be implemented was early 2000, but this was highly dependent on the employment of local teenage pregnancy co-ordinators. By the third quarter of 2000, 75% of these posts were staffed, rising to virtually 100% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). With regards the communication strategy, the percentage of local areas that used media campaigns to reinforce the messages of the national campaign grew steadily from 2% in 2000 to 40% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). The number of areas with at least one sexual health service dedicated to young people increased consistently from 68% in 2000 to 84% in 2001, while support for young parents with emphasis on reintegration into work and training rose to 70% according to TPSE (2005). Over the course of the strategy, 10,000 teachers, support staff and nurses were trained to deliver Personal, Social and Health Education in schools (TPAIG, 2010). Prevention related success The original ambition of the teenage pregnancy strategy was to achieve a 15% reduction in under-18 conception by 2004 and 50% reduction by 2010, accompanied by a downward trend in the under-16 conception rate (TPSE 2005). The first phase of the strategy came to an end after a period of ten years without achieving its entire target. In the early part of tits implementation, the policy appeared to have moderate success. By 2002, the conception rate for under-18s had fallen by 9%, reversing the upward trend seen prior to the strategy implementation, and contrary to the relatively static rates observed over the past 30 years (TPSE, 2005). Success varied across the UK, but a steeper decline in conception rates in socio-economically deprived areas suggested that it had targeted the most ‘at-risk’ areas. For example, Hackney council reported a decrease in the rates of repeated abortion from 49% to 27% in under-18s, and they report that the majority of under-16s report not havin g sex due to understanding of abstinence. How successful the policy had been depended greatly on how robustly it was implemented across various local areas. In general, there was a reduction in areas that have carried out proper implementation, with some areas able to report a 45% decline, while other areas performed poorly due to poor implementation, with no reduction, or in some cases, an increase (TPAIG, 2010). However, the follow-up report ‘Teenage Pregnancy Strategy: Beyond 2010 found that the overall conception rate had fallen by 13.3% since 1998, falling well short of the projected 50% reduction. However the DoH add that births to under-18s had fallen by 25% over this period (DoH, 2010).They also point to the increase in access to sexual health services, information and advice as an additional indicator of success. The new phase goes beyond the original 10-year target, adding more content added to the policy, following an incremental process according to TPSE (2005). Incrementalpolicy according to Lindblom (1993) is a major achievement that is attained as a result of small steps taken which guarded against policy disaster. However, the new phase exists within a climate of austerity. The current downtrend of conception rates in the under-18 age group will be difficult to maintain against a backdrop of disinvestment, which has already led to widespread closure of specialist sexual h ealth services for under-18s. Gaps in the policy In applying teenage pregnancy policy to the present situation, it can be said that the policy did not really look inward into the situation that the country was facing. It looked at the success rate of other countries without tailoring their measures to curb the problems specific to Britain. The policy is a social policy and as such it focussed on the social aspect of the problem without looking at the health issues that come with teenage pregnancy. Addiitonally, the time frame given to meet its target of a 50% was too short. Teenage pregancy is inextricably linked to both poverty, a social issue too wide to tackle in one decade. It is also strongly related to culture, and specifically the need to foster a culture of openess regarding sexual behaviour and health. This again is too complex to challenge in 10 years. Recommendations In the first instance, the coalition Government must address the shortcomings currently seen in sexual relation education (SRE). The former Government elected to not make SRE part of the compulsory curriculum, and as a result provision of SRE across the country is patchy. The Government should pass legislation ensure good practice such as SRE becomes compulsory. Additionally, refinements to existing SRE need to be made. In particular this should include devising ethnic and faith-based SRE programmes, which will better address the diversity of beliefs held in a modern multi-cultural Britain. Also, the deliberation of same-sex SRE classes should be completed and implemented (Fullerton et al 2001). More use should be made of robust team-working within communities, health sectors and schools in encouraging SRE, and the creative use and further training of more peer-educators to deliver the strategy within schools should be considered. Secondly, an approach which combines measures to prevent teenage conception and support teenage mothers must be in tandem to wider measures to address poverty and social exclusion. The loss of the Education Maintenance Allowance and the closure of many Sure Start centres disproportionately disadvantage the socio-economically deprived, and widen the gap in attainment between the rich and poor. Thirdly, the coalition government must be invested in making reductions to teenage pregnancy rates a priority. Ring-fencing of funds for specialist sexual health services and training in SRE must be guaranteed in order to not lose the small, but significant reductions in teenage pregnancy rates seen to date. Relatedly, strategies to address teenage pregnancy should be integrated into all future policies. Finally, the patchy nature of strategy deliverance across local authorities must be addressed. Areas that neglect to implement the strategy effectively should be identified, and supported according. Sharing of good practice across local authorities should be made routine. Conclusions In conclusion, this essay has outlined the teenage pregnancy strategy devised in 1998, its background and political context. It went on to discuss the outcomes of the first ten-year phase. At this point, it is still too early to say whether the second phase will meet its overall target, especially in the current economic climate, although the strategy focused attention on the problem and provided materials to help local, regional and national implementation of the strategy. As Britain remains a culturally diverse country, addressing this with regards teenage sexual health should remain a priority. In particular, adequate training of all personnel that will help and support teenagers in and out of school, increasing parental involvement in sex and contraception, and ring fencing specialist sexual health services should all be seen as important and complimentary factors in continuing to address pregnancy in UK teenagers. References: Allen, E., Bonell, C., Strange, V., Copas, A., Stephenson, J., Johnson, A.M. Oakley, A., (2007). Does the UK government’s teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factorsFindings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of sex education and their implications for policy. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 61(1), 20-27. BERTHOUD, R. (2001).Teenage births to ethnic minority women. Population Trends, 6(104):12-17. BONELL, C., ALLEN, E., STRANGE, V., COPAS, A., OAKLEY, A., STEPHENSON, J. and JOHNSON, A. (2005). The effect of dislike of school on risk of teenage pregnancy: testing of hypotheses using longitudinal data from a randomised trial of sex education. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 59(3), 223-230. BONELL, C.P., STRANGE, V.J., STEPHENSON, J.M., OAKLEY, A.R., COPAS, A.J., FORREST, S.P., JOHNSON, A.M. and BLACK, S. (2003). Effect of social exclusion on the risk of teenage pregnancy: development of hypotheses using baseline data from a randomised trial of sex education. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 57(11), 871-876. BOS, R. (2006). Health impact assessment and health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(11), 914-915. BREEZE, C.H. LOCK, K., (2001). Health impact assessment as part of strategic environment assessment. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Buse, K., Mays, N. and Walt, G. (2005) Making health policy. Open University PressOxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. CAMERON, M. (2000).A short guide to health impact assessment. London: NHS Executive London. http://www.londonshealth.gov.uk/pdf/hiaguide/pdf (accessed 1 February 2010). Chambers, R., Boath, E. Chambers, S. (2002).Young people’s and professionals’ views about ways to reduce teenage pregnancy rates: to agree or not agree. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 28(2):85-90 DCSF. (2009). Sex and relationship education (SRE). http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/policy/health/sre/. (accessed January 30, 2010). DCSF. (2009). About Teenage Pregnancy Strategy http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/teenagepregnancy/about/strategy/ (accessed January 10, 2010). DCSF. (2009). Teenage Conception Statistics for England 1998-2007. http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/resources-and-practice/IG00200/ (accessed January 17, 2010). DCSF, (2008). Teenage Pregnancy Independent Advisory Group. Annual report 2007-2008. http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/health/teenagepregnancy/tpiag (accessed December 27, 2009) DCSF. (2005). Teenage Pregnancy Strategy Evaluation. http://publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/RW38.pdf (accessed December 29, 2009). DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SKILLS. (2006). Teenage pregnancy: Accelerating the strategy to 2010. London: Crown. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SKILLS. (2003). Sex and Relationship Education Guidance. DfES 0116/2000, 1-35. Available at http://www.dfes.gov.uk (accessed December 29, 2009). DoH (2010). Teenage Pregnancy Strategy: beyond 2010. http:// http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/11277/1/4287_Teenage%20pregnancy%20strategy_aw8.pdf (accessed July 25th 2012). DoH. (2007). Health impact assessment: questions and guidance for impact assessment.http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Legislation/Healthassessment/Browsable/DH_075622 (accessed January 17, 2010). Fullerton, D., Dickson, R., Eastwood, A.J. SHELDON, T.A., 1997. Preventing unintended teenage pregnancies and reducing their adverse effects. Quality in Health Care, 6(2):102-8. HOUSTON, A. (2006). Neighbourhood Renewal Fund Strategic Gaps Health Inequalities: Reducing Teenage Pregnancy in Southwark: an evaluation report. UK: Houston Enterprises. KEMM, J., PARRY, J. and PALMER, S. (2004). Health impact assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Joffe, M. Mindell, J. (2005). Health impact assessment. Occupational and environmental medicine, 62(12), 907-12, 830-5. Joffe, M. Mindell, J. (2002). A framework for the evidence base to support Health Impact Assessment. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 56(2), 132-138. Lanek, R., (2005). Communities Outreach Presentation to the Multi-Faith Seminar on Sex Relationships For Young People in Southwark. LOCK, K. (2000). Health impact assessment. British Medical Journal, 320: 1395-1398. Macvarish, J. (2010). Understanding the significance of the teenage mother in contemporary parenting culture. Sociological Research Online 15 (4). Metcalfe, O., Higgins, C. Lavin, T. (2009). Health Impact Assessment Guidance. Dublin: The Institute of Public Health in Ireland MINDELL, J., BOAZ, A., JOFFE, M., CURTIS, S. and BIRLEY, M., 2004. Enhancing the evidence base for health impact assessment. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 58(7): 546-551. MINDELL, J., HANSELL, A., MORRISON, D., DOUGLAS, M., JOFFE, M. and QUANTIFIABLE HIA DISCUSSION GROUP. (2001). What do we need for robust, quantitative health impact assessmentJournal of public health medicine, 23(3): 173-178. MINDELL, J. and JOFFE, M. (2003). Health impact assessment in relation to other forms of impact assessment. Journal of public health medicine, 25(2), 107-112. NHS (2007). Southwark Vital Statistics. London, NHS NHS SOUTHWARK. (2009). Southwark Health Profile 2009. http://www.southwarkpct.nhs.uk/documents/5480.pdf. (accessed 28 December 2009) NHS SOUTHWARK, (2007). Southwark Young People’s Sexual Health Teenage Pregnancy Needs Assessment Equity Audit. NHS Southwark NHS SOUTHWARK, (2004). Southwark Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood Action Plan 2003-04. NHS Southwark ONS (2009). Health Statistics Quarterly. London: Crown ONS (2004). Southwark Neighborhood Statistics. Key Figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures PARRY, J., STEVENS, A. (2001). Prospective health impact assessment: pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. British Medical Journal. 323(7322):1177-82. PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE SCOTLAND. (2004). Health Impact Assessment: a guide for local authorities. ROSS, D.A. (2008). Approaches to sex education: peer-led or teacher-ledPLoS medicine, 5(11), 229. SCOTT-SAMUEL A. (1988). Health impact assessment: theory into practice. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 52,704-705. SCOTT-SAMUEL, A., BIRLEY, M., ARDERN, K., (2001). The Merseyside Guidelines for Health Impact Assessment. Second Edition, May 2001. SEAMARK, C.J. and LINGS, P, (2004). Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: a qualitative study. The British journal of general practice: the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 54(508), 813-818. Sexual health charity, FPA. (2010) Teenage pregnancy factsheet: [Online]. Available at: http://www.fpa.org.uk/professionals/Factsheets/teenagepreggnancy (Accessed on 30 May 2012). STEPHENSON, J.M., STRANGE, V., FORREST, S., OAKLEY, A., COPAS, A., ALLEN, E., BABIKER, A., BLACK, S., ALI, M., MONTEIRO, H., JOHNSON, A.M. and RIPPLE STUDY TEAM, (2004). Pupil-led sex education in England (RIPPLE study): cluster-randomized intervention trial. Lancet, 364(9431): 338-346 Teenage Pregnancy Independent Advisory Group (2010). Teenage Pregnancy: Past Successes – Future Challenges. [Online]. Availiable at: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Past%20successes%20-%20future%20challenges.pdf (Accessed on 25th July 2012). WHITEHEAD, M. and DAHLGREN, G., 1991. What can be done about inequalities in healthLancet, 338(8774):, 1059-1063. WIGGINS, M., BONELL, C., SAWTELL, M., AUSTERBERRY, H., BURCHETT, H., ALLEN, E. and STRANGE, V. (2009). Health outcomes of youth development programme in England: prospective matched comparison study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 339, b2534. World Health Organization (2004) WHO Discussion papers on Adolescence, [Online]. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591455_eng_pdf (Accessed 30 May 2012). WHO (2002). Technical Briefing Health Impact Assessment: A tool to include health on the agenda of other sectors. EUR/RC52/BD/3. Brussels: European Centre for Health Policy, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. World Health Organization (2001). Health impact assessment. Harmonization, mainstreaming and capacity building. Report of an inter-regional meeting on harmonization and mainstreaming of HIA in the World Health Organization and of a partnership meeting on the institutionalization of HIA capacity building in Africa. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization, 1999. Health impact assessment: main concepts and suggested approach. Brussels: European Centre for Health Policy, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Unicef. (2008). Planning: Teenage pregnancy [online]. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/Malaysia/Teenage pregnancies_overview.pdf young people and Family TAYLOR, L., GOWMAN, N., QUIGLEY, R., 2003. Evaluating health impact assessment. Yorkshire, UK: NHS Health Development Agency. THOROGOOD, M. COOMBES, Y., 2000. Evaluating health promotion: practice methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. WHO, 2010. Health Impact Assessment. http://www.who.int/hia/tools/en/ (accessed 30 January 2010) How to cite Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Magic of love by helen faries free essay sample

Helen Farries poem â€Å"The Magic of Love† talks solely about love. She uses a greeting card style, almost a cliche of all the lovely thoughts and emotions that go with love. She uses a rhyme scheme of ABCB and uses the stanzaic form. It does have quite a bit of punctuation so it’s not enjambment. This poem is quite elaborate with its explanations of how love is like a blessing and like a bright star in the night sky. It shows an allusion of love being â€Å"a blessing from heaven above. † The speaker also conveys how the feeling of love is like the warming feeling of the sun. The speaker also states that the feelings of love make difficult times easier. Thus, showing imagery by giving the impression of the speaker being in LOVE. Magic of Love comes across as a song like, greeting card style poem, both poems have the same rhyme scheme, that is, the second and fourth line of every stanza rhyme. We will write a custom essay sample on Magic of love by helen faries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Magic of Love is much more detached. It speaks of love as a whole, generalized for everyone. There is no personal information in the poem, Instead it speaks of love bringing happiness and joy and comfort, of love warming your Hands, and of love lighting your way. Magic of Love portrays love as something that is perfect, that fixes everything. It is the light that guides you, it warms you, it makes your dreams come true. It is gentle and kind, and perfect. Farries? poem is one that belong in a greeting card, or perhaps a love song. It makes me think of the beginning of a relationship, when everything is happy and new and you feel like you’re walking on air The poem magic of love by Helen Farries expresses the powers and gifts that love can bring. Showing that it can make all your all troubles are lighter to bear in order to allow your heart to fuller absorb love in its entirely. Giving love the ability to completely control you or help show you what love can bestow upon you. Love is something that everyone one needs and depends on at one point in their lives. Its something that you turn to when everything is going wrong and that you can hope will somehow bring you back to life. If love is as powerful as they say why is it they its takes some people so long to open up to it can love be a threat? If so then love is powerful and has its dark and light sides and can turn from the bright lovely sunto the darkness of the night. In the poem Farries uses imagery to create a scene of love bringing the audience back to a time where they once felt the same feeling and expressed the same emotions. Which are brought up in the lines Like a star in the night,it can warm your hearts,and love lights the way showing that even when it falls apart love is right there shinning waiting to show you the way to help warm you. While her use of personification in the lines a wonderful gift that can give you a lift, you treasure this gift,gentle and kind,love lights the way,and comfort and bless. Which shows just how powerful and gifting love can be. It has the powers to break or make you in its many shapes and forms as well as helping to bring your spirit up from the dark. The similes used however show the characteristics of love and its many shapes and forms Like a star in the night,and Like the sun . Show that love is bright and bold like the stars and shine brightness into the day like the sun. Overall the poem helped bring in the spirit of Valentines in a way and helped show how powerful love is and how it can change your life if you let it. In this poem the wonderful gift that the speaker talks about is all love gives off. Love giving off blessings and showers of happiness that shines forth. This array of happiness burns bright whether morning or night, it can only come back to you once it’s given. The answers the speaker seeks are found in much prayer. The poem uses many cliches and alliteration and assonance to gravitate towards never described is portrayed as something inevitable but unfathomable. The speaker seems like he/she wants us to know that their perceptio0n on love is grasped seemingly only from a significant experience prior to the poem. Over all I enjoyed that poem and its repetition and great imagery. Helen Farries poem â€Å"The Magic of Love† talks solely about love. She uses a greeting card style, almost a cliche of all the lovely thoughts and emotions that go with love. She uses a rhyme scheme of ABCB and uses the stanzaic form. It does have quite a bit of punctuation so it’s not enjambment. This poem is quite elaborate with its explanations of how love is like a blessing and like a bright star in the night sky. It shows an allusion of love being â€Å"a blessing from heaven above. † The speaker also conveys how the feeling of love is like the warming feeling of the sun. The speaker also states that the feelings of love make difficult times easier. Thus, showing imagery by giving the impression of the speaker being in LOVE.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Repentance vs. Remorse free essay sample

Repent does, however, mean; to turn away from sin and resolve to reform ones life. To further break It down, I looked up the words resolve and reform. Resolve means to determine; decide. Reform, however, has many definitions applicable to the word repent; 1). To make better or improve by removal of faults. 2). To correct or improve ones own character or habits. 3). Improvement or correction of what is corrupt or defective.So from this analysis of the word repent, I have learned that God does not desire my remorseful apology, but rather that I turn away from my sin(s). To turn away from means I must stop doing, just as It Is Impossible to face both east and west simultaneously. So to replace the word repentance with these definitions, the sentence now reads; where there Is no running away from sin and deciding/ determining to improve my life and character by removal of fault and improvement of what is corrupt or defective within me, there can be no remission. We will write a custom essay sample on Repentance vs. Remorse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This brings me to the definition of the word remission. Remission is defined as the act or process of remitting, so I had to look up the root word remit, for which two definitions stuck out. The first was the obvious definition of forgive; pardon. Self-explanatory. The second definition, to give or gain relief from, Interested me because the dictionary referenced this definition to pain. So now I understand that if I do not repent, then God can not forgive or pardon me, nor can he give me relief from my pain. I realize from this study that many people, me included, confuse the definition of the word repent with the definition of the word remorse. Remorse is defined as a gnawing distress arising from a sense of guilt for past wrongs. This Is not to say that one shouldnt feel remorseful, as any person with a conscience will undoubtedly feel at times. Rather It Is saying that we can not use our remorseful feelings as a replacement for repentance. Through the breakdown of the rod repent we learned that we must resolve, or determine, or decide to change our lives.This means we must make a conscious effort, a choice if you will, to turn away from our wrongdoings. We must choose a different path. I also realize that though remorse must not replace repentance, it does play a part in the act of repentance. A person will never stop committing an act If they dont see the error of their ways. If away and choose to stop doing it. Where there is no remorse, there will be no repentance. But where there is no repentance there can be no remission.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Jackie Kennedy

at Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis’s funeral. Jacqueline’s, also known as Jackie, legacy is global (Spencer 9). Jackie was a woman doing things her own way from the date of her birth. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, in Southampton in New York. Jackie’s parents were John Vernon Bouvier III and his wife Janet Lee Bouvier ( www.isdesigners). John was a wealthy stockbroker, which put the Bouvier family at the top of society. Jackie’s mother Janet was a snob of society (www.thekennedy2). But that didn’t stand in Jackie’s way, she still made her young youth years as fun as possible. As a child, her years were divided between New York City, East Hampton, and Long Island (www.isdesigners). These places were what Jackie called home. They were the places where she learned the hobbies she loved as a child. She even enjoyed them as an adult. Her favorite hobby was horseback riding. Jackie learned how to ride almost as soon as she could walk. She also enjoyed reading, writing, and painting (Onassis 66). However, Jackie’s youth years weren’t always filled with joy. Jackie’s mother and father separated when she was only eight years old (Onassis 66). When they split up, her father was penniless, which left them financially insecure (www.thekennedy2). Jackie had always hoped for her parents to get back together. She truly missed her father dearly. It wasn’t until 1940, when the sad divorce was finalized, that Jackie got to spend time with her father, John (www.isdesigners). Jackie’s mother Janet remarried in 1942. Jackie was only thirteen years old. Janet married Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr. Hugh just happened to be a wealthy lawyer (Onassis 66). Which re-secured their finances. School kept Jackie busy allowing her ... Free Essays on Jackie Kennedy Free Essays on Jackie Kennedy Who was the Queen of Camelot? â€Å"No one else looked like her, spoke like her, wrote like her, or was so original in the way she did things†. Ted Kennedy spoke these words at Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis’s funeral. Jacqueline’s, also known as Jackie, legacy is global (Spencer 9). Jackie was a woman doing things her own way from the date of her birth. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, in Southampton in New York. Jackie’s parents were John Vernon Bouvier III and his wife Janet Lee Bouvier ( www.isdesigners). John was a wealthy stockbroker, which put the Bouvier family at the top of society. Jackie’s mother Janet was a snob of society (www.thekennedy2). But that didn’t stand in Jackie’s way, she still made her young youth years as fun as possible. As a child, her years were divided between New York City, East Hampton, and Long Island (www.isdesigners). These places were what Jackie called home. They were the places where she learned the hobbies she loved as a child. She even enjoyed them as an adult. Her favorite hobby was horseback riding. Jackie learned how to ride almost as soon as she could walk. She also enjoyed reading, writing, and painting (Onassis 66). However, Jackie’s youth years weren’t always filled with joy. Jackie’s mother and father separated when she was only eight years old (Onassis 66). When they split up, her father was penniless, which left them financially insecure (www.thekennedy2). Jackie had always hoped for her parents to get back together. She truly missed her father dearly. It wasn’t until 1940, when the sad divorce was finalized, that Jackie got to spend time with her father, John (www.isdesigners). Jackie’s mother Janet remarried in 1942. Jackie was only thirteen years old. Janet married Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr. Hugh just happened to be a wealthy lawyer (Onassis 66). Which re-secured their finances. School kept Jackie busy allowing her ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Media Fast Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Fast Assignment - Essay Example During the first 48 hours without the media screens, I was so excited. I indulged in other activities; for instance mowing my lawn, and reading a novel which I bought and never opened its pages. As time progressed, my excitement turned into boredom. I got bored and wished for screen media; I anticipated the end of the 48 hours. After the 48 hours without the media, I was relieved to resume my regular life with media screens. Challenges encountered during the media fast assignment entailed media activities that were very difficult to avoid. These challenges focused on media activities that I found very hard to avoid. I had difficulty in avoiding texting, using the internet via my laptop, and watching my favorite series which coincided with the media fast period. These media activities were very difficult to avoid because I have a habit of using these media devices often. My life is centered on the media devices; doing away with them for 48 hours was torturing, although I was excited initially. I did not carefully access the experience that I was going to go through. I had no idea that I was not prepared for this experience. I usually use the media for communication purposes as well as entertainment purposes. I have a habit of texting my friends, and using the internet to communicate with my friends via social sites; like facebook, twitter and Linkedin. For communication purposes with my friends, I opted to give myself some alone time. I mowed my lawn and cleaned up the house. I thought that staying away from the media communication segment with my friends would do me good as I now had time to contemplate on my life and my surroundings. This alternative worked well for me as I managed to clean up my house all by myself without seeking assistance. Usually, I seek assistance from companies that offer cleaning services. In one, way, I was able to save up my money and clean up my own mess. I am addicted to the television movies and series; I even have my

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Public Policy and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Policy and Education - Essay Example In the United States, education has been the responsibility of state governments, and local politics have a great deal to do with determining public policy. Even so, the federal government has recently intervened, and the state government bodies in some cases resent this intervention. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislature of 2001 initiated by President George W. Bush has created controversy in every area of educational public policy. Special interest groups and organizations are focusing on areas such as special education, literacy, teacher certification, religion, scientific research, and lack of funds, which means that those most influential in the field of education are presently acting as political lobbyists. With the growing intervention of the federal government in education, politics rises to the forefront, even more than it has in past years. In an effort to show how various factions of education influence public policy, this paper will cover the areas noted above, noting specific controversies. Two areas in which state education policies are quite different are in New York State and in California. Because of this, different methods of applying federal policies have been necessary. In New York State, the Education Department is under the control of the University of the State of New York (USNY). USNY is the most complete interconnected system of educational services in the United States. It is not the same as the State University of New York (SUNY), which is the State's system of public colleges and universities. The Board of Regents heads USNY and sets overall educational policy for the State. The Board appoints a Commissioner of Education who heads the State Education Department and also serves as the president of USNY (Mills, 2007). This system revolves around education as a separate entity, and this allows for more political freedom to make decisions. In California, the State Board of Education (SBE) is the governing and policy making body of the California Department of Education. Unlike the New York State system in which the Board of Regents appoints a Commissioner of Education, the Governor appoints the members of the SBE (California, 2007). In this process, politics determine changes in public policy. No Child Left Behind According to Christopher T. Cross (2004), the "evolution of the federal role in education is a study in American politics" (Chapter 1, p. 1). Special interest groups in the last part of the twentieth century have covered a broad range of interests-bilingual education, women's studies, African American studies, and prayer in the classroom, to name a few. At present, recognition of these issues has been incorporated into the NCLB law, which has been in effect since 2002. Cross believes that federal policy in education will have an increasing impact in the coming decades and calls for policymakers and practitioners to gain a better understanding of the history of U.S. education and the future role of a federal Department of Education. He covers 50 years of federal education policy in his book and discusses the most recent effort in this field-the No Child Left Behind law of 2001, which he considers the catalyst for change brought about in this country by "consistent

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - President's Doctrine Assignment

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - President's Doctrine - Assignment Example Without the support of Great Britain, neither Greece nor Turkey could survive the Soviet attack. Policy makers in the U.S were aware of the instability in this region and feared that if Turkey gave in to the pressures from the Soviets, Greece’s position will be threatened and that Turkey itself would not survive for long in the event that Greece succumbs to communism. The strategic importance of the stability Greece and Turkey to the U.S cannot be undermined since their fall would mean geographically strengthening of the Soviet Union’s ability to end friendly supply chains in times of war. According to the U.S Undersecretary of state Dean Acheson, the U.S had more at stake if either Greece or Turkey was to fall. The spread of communism would be far and wide reaching as far as India to the east and Iran to the south. Such fears are what influenced Truman’s administration to redefine American Foreign policy (McGhee, 2006). Discussion The withdrawal of Great Britain ’s financial aid to both Greece and Turkey, the suspected interference of Soviet in Turkish and Greek affairs and the dwindling relationship between the U.S and the Soviet Union is what influenced President Truman’s administration decision of reorienting the U.S foreign policy. ... This then came to be known as the â€Å"Truman’s Doctrine† and was subsequently adopted by the Congress and is what shaped Americas foreign policy (Merrill, 2006). Truman considered a Communist victory in Greece to not only undermine the political stability in Turkey but would also endanger the political stability in the Middle East. He argued that the U.S national security depended not only on its territorial security but also on the containment of the Soviet authoritarianism forcible expansion into independent, free nations. The United States reoriented foreign policy based on Truman’s doctrine now meant that it would actively help in preserving the political independence and integrity of â€Å"free people’s† as far such assistance was in the best interest of the U.S. According to Truman, the U.S needed to avail$400 million worth of assistance to both the Turkish and Greek Governments and help in the sending of equipment, U.Smilitary and civilian personnel to the region. This doctrine was the first among several containment measures of dealing with domino effect of communism (Merrill, 2006). The U.S government then embarked on restoring the economies of Western Europe countries as a communism containment measure. To do this, the â€Å"Marshall Plan†also known as Economic Cooperation Actwas established on June 5, 1947 and became operational in April 1948. Through this plan, the U.S was to give financial aid to assist in the reconstruction of the war-torn regions and help in industrial modernization. The Marshal plan was a huge success and was replaced in 1951 by the â€Å"Mutual Security Plan†. The U.S policy makers were knew that nations across Europe could

Saturday, November 16, 2019

E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology Essay

E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology Essay E-commerce has made a great impact on business activity culture. Customer can shop online in privacy at their own houses. This is also strength small businesses to close their doors, or modify to being completely online. It can also change people approach to look at making purchases decision and spending money. Ecommerce also changed the retailer picture, promotions, services, and other things that make our market work. Undeniably, it will continue to pressure how can companies sell and market their products/services, as well as people choose to make purchases in coming years. Selling through the websites is the best method of increasing trade worldwide. Two forms of e-commerce: First form is mostly used as a business trading where companies mostly meet each other and share information through the World Wide Web. The other form is that, where companies taken orders from the customers through web site and also prepared their order to satisfy their need. HASM have many different types of products and services that are traded or selling online including audio equipments new and used both. All companies who used e-tailing or e-trading definitely have their own websites for their business requirement/needs. Trading online Trading online facilitate businesses to attain larger audiences while also cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods of sales. It is not necessary that a web company have to spend on bigger high street markets for their presence. Although the expenditure on developing a good website is substantial and the potential benefits can be massive. Any group of businesses who is running successful business as a result of the development of the web are ability suppliers of items. Ecommerce Impact On Business Impact of Ecommerce on the economy globally Marketing and Product promotion E-commerce helps the products promotion and services during direct sale, information providing and customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s connections. Sales channel/path E-commerce creates a new flow channel for existing products. It facilitates direct contact of customers and the bi-directional contact. Cost Reduction/savings The way of delivering information to end customers over the Internet results in major savings to senders when compared with any method. Most savings also realized in delivering digitized products against physical delivery. Cycle time The delivery of products and services can be reduced to minimum time frame. Also, the organizational work related to corporate delivery facility, also across international borders sale can be reduced considerably, cutting the cycle time by more than ninety percent. Customer service approach Customer service can be greatly improved by enable clients to find comprehensive information online. Also, sharp agents can answer standard quarry in seconds and human experts contact can be expedite using automatic software. Business image New customers can create corporate images very quickly. Corporate reflection means expectation, which is very important necessary for direct sales. Marketing Impacts Customization Ecommerce provide for customization of products/services, in response to buying in a store or ordering through television, which is normally limited to standard products only. Advertising Direct marketing and customization is very effective than mass advertisement. This creates a essential changer in which advertisement is conducted to change the existing customer behaviour with product but also for the new customer demands and their behaviour towards products and services. Ordering System Orders recived from customers can considerably be improved if it is happen by online system and through internet. Through electronically, orders can quickly be sent to the appropriate department and place. This saves time and reduces expenses. This can give sales-work force more time to sell the product/services. Also, customers can add the cost of their orders through saving time for all parties involved inthe activity. Markets The physical market disappears because the need to deliver the goods/services to the market. In market space, an electronic place where items are delivered directly to buyers/suppliers when purchase is completed online and making the markets cost effective and efficient. Technology behaviour and Organizational learning behaviour Speedy progress in Ecommerce customers and staff, companies to settle quickly to the new technology and offer customers an opportunity to deal with new products/services such as HASM in new and used audio systems and tools. Changing Work Nature The work nature and employment also be transformed in the computer Age. The computer Age work force should have to become flexible. Few of them consistently have secure jobs in the complex environment and all of work force/staff have to willing and able to frequently learn skills and make decisions, and stand behind in complex environment. New product features Ecommerce allows new products to be formed and existing products to be modified in innovative ways. These changes may be satisfied organizations missions and the way in which they have to survive. Ecommerce can also allow supply the suppliers to collect personalized customers data sheet and buying behaviour. Building customer profiles on the basis ofcollecting data on certain customers group and can be used as a information source for improving products/services or designing new ones. Manufacturing Impact Ecommerce is also changing manufacturing systems from mass production to the demand and supply chain process and also on the need of customers. Finance Impact Ecommerce needs a very special finance and accounting systems. Traditional payment systems, which are ineffective and inefficient for electronic trade, because there is no physical availability/presence of staff. Ecommerce is any type of business activities that is selling and purchasing of products and services carried out over web based systems for the approach of getting far away customers. Advantages and Disadvantage: HASM electronic commerce is also categorized by advantages and inbuilt drawbacks of web. Some of these important advantages and disadvantages are as follows: With the use of fast and rapid scale of internet technology and strong online techniques and software, companies can get many advantages of Ecommerce but also some disadvantages as well but also having a reason of some problems: Advantages: Fast buying and selling method, as well as effortless to find any products type. Buying convenience and selling convenience, round the clock 24/7. Wider reach to customers, there is no geographic limitations for selling product. As compare to the stores low operational costs for product and better quality of services can be provided. Physical company set-ups are not necessary. Undemanding start and manage a business. Business or individual to reach the global market is simple and easy. Electronic commerce gives the customers the chance to look for cheaper and quality products. Ecommerce cuts down the cost attached with marketing once is being launched and working and also on customer care, processing stage, and information storage and inventory management. Disadvantages: Any one, good or bad, can easily set up a business website and there are many bad sites which fool customers. There is no assurance of product quality. There are many internet hackers just waiting for any opportunity and then an ecommerce site, service, payment gateways can cause attack in any business. Mechanical failures can be reason of unpredictable effects on the total processes. Least chance of direct customer to company interactions, and also customer loyalty is always on a test. Perishable items such as foods are also not very convenient and nor predictable due to small life cycle.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Cal Ripken Jr. :: essays research papers

Cal Ripken, Jr., was the perfect baseball player. He would play when he had the flu and even when he had a sprained ankle. He was loyal to his city of Baltimore. He never left if more money was offered. In 1995 he broke Lou Gehrig’s 2,130 games by playing 2,218 games in a row. According to World Book, Cal ended his streak of 2,632 consecutive games when he chose not to play in the game of September 20, 1998. He was 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed 220 pounds. He was and still is the biggest shortstop in major league history. He is the only shortstop ever to hit 20 or more home runs in 10 straight seasons. He is noticed much less than most major league superstars. He only gets noticed for his good plays. He is the only shortstop to have a record of start in eight straight All Star games. In his first year in the major league, he was voted Rookie of the Year by the newspapers writers who cover the American league. In 1983, at the age of twenty-three, Cal lead the Orioles to a World Series victory. He always seemed the favorite every group would vote for as player of the year. There were two reasons. First was his outstanding performance on the field. Second was the way Cal handled himself off the field. He loves being a role model for children, so he tries to be the best person he can in order to set a good example. In 1987, Cal had a dream come true. His brother Billy joined the Orioles and the team was managed by his father Cal Ripken, Sr. His Father was manager of the team until the beginning of the 1988 season. The Orioles started the season by losing the first six games. The teams owner and general manager made the decision of removing Cal Ripken, Sr. as the manager. Cal Ripken, Sr. was put back as third base coach. Cal Jr. understood, because he knew these things happen in baseball. Cal was so dedicated to baseball that he had a batting cage with a mechanical pitcher in his backyard so he could practice for hours everyday. Cal would spend one afternoon a week at Baltimore’s stadium answering every letter he received from fans. He would hang around the ballpark more than an hour after games, signing more than 500 autographs.

Monday, November 11, 2019

The Adaptation of Archaea to Acidity

The adaptation of archaea in acidic condition. How archaea adapt to acidic environment ? Use variety pH homeostatic mechanism that involve restricting proton entry by cytoplasmic membrane and purging of protons and their effect by cytoplasm. pH homeostatic mechanisms The cell membrane is highly impermeable to protons Membrane channel have a reduced pore size. Protein influx inhibited by chemiosmotic gradient Excess proton pumped out of the cell Cytoplasmic buffering helps to maintain the intracellular pH 1.The cell membrane is highly impermeable to protons High impermeable cell membrane to restrict proton influx into the cytoplasm Example : Archaeal-specific structures composed of tetraether lipids . Thermoplasma acidophilum, Ferroplasma acidiphilum, sulfolobus solfataricus. Factor causing low permeability of acidophile membranes. Monolayer composed of unique â€Å"tetraether lipids† in which two hydrophilic heads attached to the same hydrophobic tail through ether bonds †“ more stable, less fluidBulky isoprenoid core. Ether linkage characteristic of these membranes less sensative to acid hydrolysis than ester linkage. 2. Membrane channel have a reduced pore size. Control size of the entrance to the pore and the ion selectivity at the porin entrance. Control influx of proton across the outer membrane 3. Protein influx inhibited by chemiosmotic gradient Inhibit the influx of protons using a chemiosmotic barrier against the proton gradient (higher ? lower)Chemiosmosis : diffusion of hydrogen ion across the biological membrane via transport protein due to a proton gradient that form on the other side of the membrane. 4. Excess proton pumped out of the cell Active proton pumping Remove excess protons from cytoplasm and balance the pH value in cell. Sequences acidophile genomes have proton efflux systems. 5. Cytoplasmic buffering helps to maintain the intracellular pH Intracellular mechanism help to improve the ensuing biological damage.Cytoplasmic buff er molecules that have basic amino acids capable of sequestering protons. Thus maintain the pH in cytoplasm. References 1. D. B. Johnson, K. B. Hallberg The microbiology of acidic mine waters Res. Microbiol. , 154 (2003), pp. 466–473 2. G. K. Druschel  et al. Acid mine drainage biogeochemistry at Iron Mountain California. Geochem. Trans. , 5 (2004), pp. 13–32 3. T. Rohwerder  et al. Bioleaching review part A. Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 63 (2003), pp. 239–248

Saturday, November 9, 2019

“Deadly Unna?” By Phillip Gwynne Essay

Deadly Unna? By Phillip Gwynne is a novel based on the fictional one year life of a fourteen year old boy named Gary ‘Blacky’ Black. The story shows a developing friendship between Gary, an Anglo-Saxon boy and Dumby Red, an Aboriginal boy. With this friendship Gary begins to understand his own morality with lessons of human dignity, racism, justice, death, courage, family and most importantly friendship. The story is structured around AFL and shows how sport can bring a divided community together every winter. One of the main structural themes in this novel is racism, discrimination and stereotyping of Aboriginal Australians in society. Indigenous Australians are one of the most disadvantaged communities in Australia and they are subject to many racist stereotypes in everyday life. A stereotype is a trait of one or more people that is attributed to a social or racial group. In the novel an example of a stereotype is when Gary is talking about how he and Pickles had never been to the Point before because they both had heard stories that there were ‘Abo’s’ with spears and boomerangs being thrown everywhere. This story scared them both – in effect making them and others think that ALL Aboriginals are like this. Racism is the belief that one race is superior to another (better then another). Many examples of racism can be seen throughout the story such as the comment from the character Mad Dog ‘I don’t shake hands with boongs’ on page twenty nine. Boong being a defamatory term used against Aboriginal people, referring to their race. The term was also used again in the novel on page one hundred and twenty one when Gary and Clarence (Dumby Reds sister) were together and Clarence sat directly under graffiti on a wall exclaiming ‘Boongs Piss Off’ in big black letters. Gary felt uncomfortable with this being on the wall and hoped that Clarence did not see it. Discrimination is the action of treating another person differently based on their race, sex or other illogical reason. From the change rooms on page twenty one to Big Mac’s service toward Tommy Red (Dumby Reds Father) at the pub on page one hundred and sixty, discrimination was present in most chapters of this book. In fact discrimination in the port was a big eye  opener for Gary Black. The novel itself is a great example on how Australia is changing from a disgusting racist lifestyle to a country that respects people of all cultural backgrounds. Since what is said to be the invasion of white settlers, Aboriginal Australians have become one of Australia’s most disadvantaged communities according to statistics. In modern times Australian Governments together with Australians individually and as a society, are attempting to take action to turn around the statistics. Racism, discrimination and stereotyping against Indigenous Australians in Australia is everywhere from small town communities to large city school yards, but why? People are racist for many reasons: Upbringing, ignorance, power, personal experiences, own cultural beliefs, fear, influence of friends and family etc†¦ but that is no excuse to do it. From European settlement (1770) into the 20th century Aboriginal people have been considered by most as a sub-human race, therefore, they did not receive the same rights as Anglo-Saxon people in Australia. Stemming from that belief they were put into missions, separated from communities, denied access to their own spoken language and access to land, suffered high numbers of abuse and sexual assault. Children at young ages were stolen from their families and were essentially taught how to clean and made to forget about their families, culture and way of life. All that stemmed from one cultural group believing that they were superior to another group – therefore entrenching racists’ belief that ‘Aboriginals are an inferior race’. Whilst we understand in modern society that this belief is wrong, it is difficult to change the thought process of all people who see others that are different and believe that their cultural beliefs are better or more right than others. After all it is our own cultural beliefs that tell us what is right and wrong, what is beautiful or ugly. Aboriginal people are not inferior nor are other cultural groups inferior. As Australians we need to recognise and respect our differences to be a true peaceful multicultural society. Bibliography: Smartcom-Library/Image Source/Australia FlagDate Accessed: Monday 24th, Augusthttp://library.smartcom.vn/upload/1201173161413australia-flag.gifDeadly Unna? By Phillip GwynnePublished by the Penguin Group – Penguin Books Ltd, London England, 1998Indigenous Disadvantage Edited by Justin HealyPublished by the Spinney Press, Thirroul NSW, 2008

Thursday, November 7, 2019

10 Good Reasons to Keep Studying on Holidays

10 Good Reasons to Keep Studying on Holidays Holidays are the most perfect time of the year for a college student, and of course it is very tempting to start hanging out all the time and forget even about the existence of homework. Very often studies are associated with constant stress and deadlines, but with a right approach you can change things for the better and start to actually enjoy your homework! So why should you continue studying and how to make it more enjoyable? You can be your own boss Remember those papers with specific deadlines and the topics you dont actually like? Theres no need to follow these requirements anymore – you can do things you actually want to. Imagine that youre the professor who tells you what to do and what kind of assignments to complete. You dont have to rush anymore The hardest thing during the semester is the amount of work you receive and all the deadline which need to be followed. During the holidays you can create your own schedule – when and what to study. It will make things much easier and youll be free at nights to spend some time with your friends. You dont have to study in the classroom anymore The best way to concentrate on your studies is to change places where you study. Class rooms may be very boring, so you need to find another place. It is almost impossible to study at home, when you get distracted by your family. And it is tempting to start watching your favourite TV show instead of studying. Choose some other places where no one can disturb you – it can be a park, a coffee shop or a public library. You will be able not only to study, but also explore your city and find some new exciting places! You can have as many breaks as you want It is proven that its much easier to study with a lot of short breaks. It is very hard to concentrate on studying for more than 40 minutes. So try to change your activities – after studying, relax for about 10-15 minutes and do something fun, like playing Xbox. It will distract you for a while, and will be good motivation to keep on studying. You can set realistic goals There is no need to push limits and set unreasonable goals. You cannot possibly study more than 3 hours a day during holidays. Stick to the time you can actually handle! You should be results oriented, not on working hours. With proper motivation, you can complete much more in 1 hour, than usually. You can choose different types of on-line education There is no need to stick to old class books – since you have a lot of free time now, try to use websites that offer on-line education like Coursera! It is very interesting, it will take about 4 hours of work during the week. The assignments are usually creative. On discussion boards you can meet new people from all around the globe. You will be able to explore new topics If you chose to take some classes on-line, you can retake the courses youve already learned this year, like marketing or economics, or you can try something totally new – start programming, learn some music theory or basic cryptography. Such new topics may be super exciting to learn, and you can expend your horizons. You will be ready for the next semester Remember the time when you got back from the school break and you forgot everything youve learned so far? It is easy to get distracted from the studies at summer, especially with all that partying and having fun. So if you study at least couple of times a week, you will notice your progress after everybody start a new school year. You can stay active and study at the same time You have a lot of free time at summer, so if you chose to study, you shouldnt forget about being active. Go swimming or running, spend some time at the gym. It will make you more energetic and help you with the further studies, which may become boring if youre not active enough. Sports will make you more confident in completing complex tasks. You will have enough rest Since its summer now, you dont have to exhaust yourself with studying till 3 AM to meet the deadlines. It is very important to get enough sleep, at least 8 hours a day. It will keep your mind fresh, and ready for learning something new. You can try to read something interesting and useful before going to bed and your brain will process all the information, while youre sleeping. Studying may be a very hard thing during the semester and students start to dream about holidays to avoid it and have some fun. But if you think about the whole process from another angle, you will understand that studying and learning new things could become perfect activities. Especially during holidays! So dont think about studying as something painful and stressful. Make it fun! Any study tips to share? Well, at least tell us how do you spend your summer holidays!

Monday, November 4, 2019

Compare contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare contrast - Essay Example The story entails issues that we have been struggling to achieve in life, where everyone is equal, and people are intelligent and so the author felt it would be creative to put it in a real picture of just how things might be if we were all equal and intelligent. Through the film, the reality of how people are ruled, by the mighty in the society, comes out clearly than in the story. The people are forced to wear handicap gadgets that control their thoughts, and their reaction to circumstances (Vonnegut). Harrison Bergeon is a story that talks about a man called Harrison Bergeon who lived in the future. In this future everyone was equal in every way. Even, though, people were equal, despite this, some things were still not right. For example, people were handicapped. George was over intelligent as the narrator says, â€Å"†¦his intelligence was way above normal. His wife, on the other hand, was of average intelligence and could not remember things for lone. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦she could not think about anything except in short bursts.† Their son was taken away from them when he was 14, and the government claimed that he planned to overthrow the government. This was by a reporter who said, â€Å"†¦where he was held on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government. Harrison Managed to escape from prison, â€Å"Harrison Bergeon†¦has just escaped from the prison† this was announcement made by the announcer (Vonnegut). From the story, it appears that people are not free to do what they want. For example, they are forced to wear the handicap gadgets that the government uses to control their thoughts. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦and told them that they had ten seconds to wear their handicaps.† The people had no freedom of choice. At the end, we see Harrison trying to gain their freedom by breaking into the studio and ordering people to do as he says. He says, ‘I am the emperor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.everyone must do what I say at once†. At

Saturday, November 2, 2019

The Black Death 1348-1350 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Black Death 1348-1350 - Research Paper Example Epidemics similar to the Black Death have followed over the centuries. The Great Plague of 1665 was also akin to the Black Death and led to the deaths of around 15-20 percent of the populationi. The controversies around the Black Death’s causes and effects bring out the historical significance of the pandemic in more than one way. Causes The deaths during the second pandemic (The Black Death) were brought about by an epidemic which entailed appearance of sore swelling of lymph nodes in different parts of the human body (especially armpits and groin). High fever followed this and caused deaths rapidly. The epidemic was supposedly caused by black rat fleas and popularly known as the Bubonic plague. The initial belief about the endogenous nature of the Black Death does not hold true in the modern time. Rather, scientists have detected some external pathogen, a rod shaped bacteria called Yersinia pestis as the responsible factor. A Swiss biologist Alexandre Yersin identified this in 1894, much after the plague had mercilessly cut down the population of Europeii. Yersin also concluded that rodents and insect vectors spread this bacterium amongst human beings. The particular flea which causes this disease is known as xenopsylla cheopisiii. Despite the differences in opinions amongst historians, they agreed on some common points while analyzing the factors behind the Black Death. During the High Middle Ages, Europe was undergoing a persistent population growth along with almost disease-free society. Apart from this, innovations and advancements in technological and agricultural fields, Europe also managed some political stability which brought about a decrease in invasion. This provided a perfect environment for the increase in population from 25 million to 75 million (from 950 to 1250) and a rapid urbanization or development of townsiv. Despite all, a majority of wealth came from the land and its produce. The advancements made in agricultural techniques led to improvements in soil and seed quality and therefore, brought about better cultivation. The Medieval Europe reached the peak of development during 1200-1250. From 1250 onwards some changes took place and environmental or climatic changes were significant among these. According to historians understanding these changes were important to observe the impact on pre-modern society. The movements of glaciers and pollens indicate an improvement in this respect till early thirteenth centuryv. This situation of â€Å"little optimum†vi enabled all round development in political, social and economic arenas. But the environment grew colder gradually and this affected agriculture. Even trade was hampered and hence supply of foodstuffs became scarce. High fertility rates and continuous population growth worsened the situation. The surplus in food production built over the years began to fall. While the environment grew colder and wetter, a severe Malthusian crisis emerged in Europe which w as growing economically poorvii. Food prices also began to increase and conditions of peasants worsened under pressure from the landlords. However the population of peasants began to increase owing to low mortality rates and absence of any killing disease. Crop failures and famines pursued. As food crops became scarce, people began to live more on livestock. Unhealthy eating habits